Neurobiological mechanisms of ECT and TMS treatment in ... - BMC Psychiatry
Lepine JP, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):3–7.
Miller S, Dell'Osso B, Ketter TA. The prevalence and burden of bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;169S1:S3–11.
Diseases GBD, Injuries C. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–22.
Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(9):655–79.
Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen HU, Jonsson B. group Cs, European Brain C: the economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(1):155–62.
Sinyor M, Schaffer A, Levitt A. The sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) trial: a review. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(3):126–35.
Semkovska M, Quinlivan L, O'Grady T, Johnson R, Collins A, O'Connor J, Knittle H, Ahern E, Gload T. Cognitive function following a major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(10):851–61.
Hasselbalch BJ, Knorr U, Kessing LV. Cognitive impairment in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1–3):20–31.
Hammar Å, Ardal G. Cognitive functioning in major depression–a summary. Front Hum Neurosci. 2009;3:26.
Allott K, Fisher CA, Amminger GP, Goodall J, Hetrick S. Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar? Brain Behav. 2016;6(10):e00527.
Hammar Å, Ronold EH, Rekkedal GA. Cognitive impairment and neurocognitive profiles in major depression-a clinical perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:764374.
Gorwood P, Corruble E, Falissard B, Goodwin GM. Toxic effects of depression on brain function: impairment of delayed recall and the cumulative length of depressive disorder in a large sample of depressed outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(6):731–9.
Moylan S, Maes M, Wray NR, Berk M. The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(5):595–606.
Carney S, Cowen P, Dearness K, Eastaugh J. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361(9360):799–808.
Schoeyen HK, Kessler U, Andreassen OA, Auestad BH, Bergsholm P, Malt UF, Morken G, Oedegaard KJ, Vaaler A. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy versus algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(1):41–51.
Voineskos D, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. Management of treatment-resistant depression: challenges and strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:221–34.
Aoki Y, Yamaguchi S, Ando S, Sasaki N, Bernick PJ, Akiyama T. The experience of electroconvulsive therapy and its impact on associated stigma: a meta-analysis. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2016;62(8):708–18.
Read J, Cunliffe S, Jauhar S, McLoughlin DM. Should we stop using electroconvulsive therapy? BMJ. 2019;364:k5233.
Peterchev AV, Rosa MA, Deng ZD, Prudic J, Lisanby SH. Electroconvulsive therapy stimulus parameters: rethinking dosage. J ECT. 2010;26(3):159–74.
Leiknes KA, Jarosh-von Schweder L, Hoie B. Contemporary use and practice of electroconvulsive therapy worldwide. Brain Behav. 2012;2(3):283–344.
Fraser LM, O'Carroll RE, Ebmeier KP. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on autobiographical memory: a systematic review. J ECT. 2008;24(1):10–7.
Sackeim HA, Ross FR, Hopkins N, Calev L, Devanand DP. Subjective side effects acutely following ECT: associations with treatment modality and clinical response. Convuls Ther. 1987;3(2):100–10.
Semkovska M, Knittle H, Leahy J, Rasmussen JR. Subjective cognitive complaints and subjective cognition following electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023;57(1):21–33.
Landry M, Moreno A, Patry S, Potvin S, Lemasson M. Current practices of electroconvulsive therapy in mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short and long-term cognitive effects. J ECT. 2021;37(2):119–27.
Semkovska M, McLoughlin DM. Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(6):568–77.
Kessler U, Schoeyen HK, Andreassen OA, Eide GE, Malt UF, Oedegaard KJ, Morken G, Sundet K, Vaaler AE. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on neurocognitive function in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(11):e1306–1313.
Kirov GG, Owen L, Ballard H, Leighton A, Hannigan K, Llewellyn D, Escott-Price V, Atkins M. Evaluation of cumulative cognitive deficits from electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(3):266–70.
Semkovska M, McLoughlin DM. Measuring retrograde autobiographical amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy: historical perspective and current issues. J ECT. 2013;29(2):127–33.
Rasmussen KG. What type of cognitive testing should be part of routine electroconvulsive therapy practice? J ECT. 2016;32(1):7–12.
Ousdal OT, Brancati GE, Kessler U, Erchinger V, Dale AM, Abbott C, Oltedal L. The neurobiological effects of electroconvulsive therapy studied through magnetic resonance: what have we learned, and where do we go? Biol Psychiatry. 2022;91(6):540–9.
Nordanskog P, Larsson MR, Larsson EM, Johanson A. Hippocampal volume in relation to clinical and cognitive outcome after electroconvulsive therapy in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129(4):303–11.
Oltedal L, Narr KL, Abbott C, Anand A, Argyelan M, Bartsch H, Dannlowski U, Dols A, van Eijndhoven P, Emsell L, et al. Volume of the human hippocampus and clinical response following electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84(8):574–81.
Argyelan M, Oltedal L, Deng Z-D, Wade B, Bikson M, Joanlanne A, Sanghani S, Bartsch H, Cano M, Dale AM, et al. Electric field causes volumetric changes in the human brain. eLife. 2019;8:e49115.
Mulders PCR, Llera A, Beckmann CF, Vandenbulcke M, Stek M, Sienaert P, Redlich R, Petrides G, Oudega ML, Oltedal L, et al. Structural changes induced by electroconvulsive therapy are associated with clinical outcome. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(3):696–704.
Deng ZD, Argyelan M, Miller J, Quinn DK, Lloyd M, Jones TR, Upston J, Erhardt E, McClintock SM, Abbott CC. Electroconvulsive therapy, electric field, neuroplasticity, and clinical outcomes. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(3):1676–82.
van Oostrom I, van Eijndhoven P, Butterbrod E, van Beek MH, Janzing J, Donders R, Schene A, Tendolkar I. Decreased cognitive functioning after electroconvulsive therapy is related to increased hippocampal volume: exploring the role of brain plasticity. J ECT. 2018;34(2):117–23.
Laroy M, Bouckaert F, Vansteelandt K, Obbels J, Dols A, Emsell L, Stek M, Vandenbulcke M, Sienaert P. Association between hippocampal volume change and change in memory following electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140(5):435–45.
Cowey A. The Ferrier Lecture 2004 what can transcranial magnetic stimulation tell us about how the brain works? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005;360(1458):1185–205.
Walsh V, Cowey A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000;1(1):73–9.
De Raedt R, Vanderhasselt MA, Baeken C. Neurostimulation as an intervention for treatment resistant depression: From research on mechanisms towards targeted neurocognitive strategies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;41:61–9.
O'Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, Sampson S, Isenberg KE, Nahas Z, McDonald WM, Avery D, Fitzgerald PB, Loo C, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1208–16.
George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, Callahan A, Ketter TA, Basser P, Hallett M, Post RM. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. NeuroReport. 1995;6(14):1853–6.
Iimori T, Nakajima S, Miyazaki T, Tarumi R, Ogyu K, Wada M, Tsugawa S, Masuda F, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM, et al. Effectiveness of the prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive profiles in depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;88:31–40.
McClintock SM, Reti IM, Carpenter LL, McDonald WM, Dubin M, Taylor SF, et al. Consensus Recommendations for the Clinical Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Treatment of Depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(1):35–48.
Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, Filipovic SR, Grefkes C, Hasan A, Hummel FC, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014–2018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):474–528.
Baeken C, Brem AK, Arns M, Brunoni AR, Filipcic I, Ganho-Avila A, Langguth B, Padberg F, Poulet E, Rachid F, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for depressive disorders: current knowledge and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019;32(5):409–15.
Montgomery SA, Åsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134(4):382–9.
Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An Inventory for Measuring Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561–71.
Busner J, Targum SD. The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa : Township)). 2007;4(7):28–37.
Sunderland A, Harris JE, Baddeley AD. Do laboratory tests predict everyday memory? A neuropsychological study. J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav. 1983;22(3):341–57.
Strobel C, Engedal K. Norsk revidert mini mental status evaluering (MMSE-N3). Aldring og helse. 2018.
Rey A: L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique.(Les problems.). Archives de psychologie 1941.
Schoenberg MR, Dawson KA, Duff K, Patton D, Scott JG, Adams RL. Test performance and classification statistics for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in selected clinical samples. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;21(7):693–703.
Fine EM, Delis DC. Delis–Kaplan Executive Functioning System. In: Kreutzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B, editors. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Springer New York; 2011. p. 796–801.
Wechsler D: WAIS-IV. In: Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. edn. Edited by Kreutzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B. New York: Springer New York; 2011: 2667–2667.
Williams JM, Broadbent K. Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95(2):144–9.
van Walsem M, Tyvoll H. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). Norwegian version. 2012.
Nelson HE. National Adult Reading Test (NART) Test Manual. 1982.
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Arnow B, Klein DN, Markowitz JC, Ninan PT, Kornstein S, Manber R, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):573–83.
Killgore WDS. The visual analogue mood scale: can a single-item scale accurately classify depressive mood state? Psychol Rep. 1999;85(3_suppl):1238–43.
Doeller CF, Barry C, Burgess N. Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network. Nature. 2010;463(7281):657–61.
Doeller CF, King JA, Burgess N. Parallel striatal and hippocampal systems for landmarks and boundaries in spatial memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(15):5915–20.
Hartley T, Bird CM, Chan D, Cipolotti L, Husain M, Vargha-Khadem F, Burgess N. The hippocampus is required for short-term topographical memory in humans. Hippocampus. 2007;17(1):34–48.
Coutrot A, Silva R, Manley E, de Cothi W, Sami S, Bohbot VD, Wiener JM, Holscher C, Dalton RC, Hornberger M, et al. Global Determinants of Navigation Ability. Curr Biol. 2018;28(17):2861–2866 e2864.
Osterrieth PA: Le Test de copie d'une figure complexe : contribution à l'etude de la perception et de la mémoire. Delachaux & Niestlé; 1944.
Sullivan MJ, Edgley K, Dehoux E. A survey of multiple sclerosis: I. Perceived cognitive problems and compensatory strategy use. Can J Rehabil. 1990;4(2):99–105.
Sumiyoshi T, Uchida H, Watanabe K, Oosawa M, Ren H, Moriguchi Y, Fujikawa K, Fernandez J. Validation and functional relevance of the short form of the perceived deficits questionnaire for depression for japanese patients with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:2507–17.
Hermida AP, Goldstein FC, Loring DW, McClintock SM, Weiner RD, Reti IM, Janjua AU, Ye Z, Peng L, Tang Y-I, et al. ElectroConvulsive therapy Cognitive Assessment (ECCA) tool: A new instrument to monitor cognitive function in patients undergoing ECT. J Affect Disord. 2020;269:36–42.
Hugdahl K, Westerhausen R, Alho K, Medvedev S, Laine M, Hamalainen H. Attention and cognitive control: unfolding the dichotic listening story. Scand J Psychol. 2009;50(1):11–22.
Bless J, Westerhausen R, Arciuli J, Kompus K, Gudmundsen M, Hugdahl K. "Right on all Occasions?" – On the Feasibility of Laterality Research Using a Smartphone Dichotic Listening Application. Front Psychol. 2013;4(42):1–10.
Empatica.com [https://www.empatica.com/en-int/]
d'Elia G. Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1970;215:1–98.
Kessler U, Vaaler AE, Schoyen H, Oedegaard KJ, Bergsholm P, Andreassen OA, Malt UF, Morken G. The study protocol of the Norwegian randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression in bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:16.
Casey BJ, Cannonier T, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Barch DM, Heitzeg MM, Soules ME, Teslovich T, Dellarco DV, Garavan H, et al. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:43–54.
Hagler DJ, Hatton SN, Makowski C, Cornejo MD, Fair DA, Dick AS, et al. Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Neuroimage. 2019;202:1–39.
Wilkinson ST, Sanacora G, Bloch MH. Hippocampal volume changes following electroconvulsive therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017;2(4):327–35.
Oltedal L, Bartsch H, Sørhaug OJE, Kessler U, Abbott C, Dols A, Stek ML, Ersland L, Emsell L, van Eijndhoven P, et al. The Global ECT-MRI Research Collaboration (GEMRIC): Establishing a multi-site investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying response to electroconvulsive therapy. NeuroImage. 2017;14:422–32.
Robinson JA. Sampling autobiographical memory. Cogn Psychol. 1976;8(4):578–95.
Ronold EH, Joormann J, Hammar A. Computerized working memory training in remission from major depressive disorder: effects on emotional working memory, processing speed, executive functions, and associations with symptoms. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022;16:887596.
Bless JJ, Westerhausen R, von Koss TJ, Gudmundsen M, Kompus K, Hugdahl K. Laterality across languages: Results from a global dichotic listening study using a smartphone application. Laterality. 2015;20(4):434–52.
Lee SM, Shin J, Lee I. Significance of visual scene-based learning in the hippocampal systems across mammalian species. Hippocampus. 2023;33:505–21.
Schuurmans AAT, de Looff P, Nijhof KS, Rosada C, Scholte RHJ, Popma A, Otten R. Validity of the Empatica E4 Wristband to Measure Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Parameters: a Comparison to Electrocardiography (ECG). J Med Syst. 2020;44(11):190.
Milstein N, Gordon I. Validating measures of electrodermal activity and heart rate variability derived from the empatica E4 utilized in research settings that involve interactive dyadic states. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:148.
Menghini L, Gianfranchi E, Cellini N, Patron E, Tagliabue M, Sarlo M. Stressing the accuracy: wrist-worn wearable sensor validation over different conditions. Psychophysiology. 2019;56(11):e13441.
Castaneda D, Esparza A, Ghamari M, Soltanpur C, Nazeran H. A review on wearable photoplethysmography sensors and their potential future applications in health care. Int J Biosens Bioelectron. 2018;4(4):195–202.
Stautland A, Jakobsen P, Fasmer OB, Osnes B, Torresen J, Nordgreen T, et al. Reduced heart rate variability during mania in a repeated naturalistic observational study. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1–8.
Bassett D. A literature review of heart rate variability in depressive and bipolar disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016;50(6):511–9.
Huang WL, Ko LC, Liao SC. The association between heart rate variability and skin conductance: a correlation analysis in healthy individuals and patients with somatic symptom disorder comorbid with depression and anxiety. J Int Med Res. 2022;50(9):3000605221127104.
Scott J, Murray G, Henry C, Morken G, Scott E, Angst J, Merikangas KR, Hickie IB. Activation in bipolar disorders: a systematic review. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74(2):189–96.
Murray G, Gottlieb J, Hidalgo MP, Etain B, Ritter P, Skene DJ, Garbazza C, Bullock B, Merikangas K, Zipunnikov V, et al. Measuring circadian function in bipolar disorders: Empirical and conceptual review of physiological, actigraphic, and self-report approaches. Bipolar Disord. 2020;22(7):693–710.
McCarthy MJ, Gottlieb JF, Gonzalez R, McClung CA, Alloy LB, Cain S, Dulcis D, Etain B, Frey BN, Garbazza C, et al. Neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms of circadian rhythm disruption in bipolar disorder: A critical multi-disciplinary literature review and agenda for future research from the ISBD task force on chronobiology. Bipolar Disord. 2022;24(3):232–63.
Refinetti R. Circadian rhythmicity of body temperature and metabolism. Temperature (Austin). 2020;7(4):321–62.
Leaver AM, Vasavada M, Joshi SH, Wade B, Woods RP, Espinoza R, Narr KL. Mechanisms of antidepressant response to electroconvulsive therapy studied with perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85(6):466–76.
Baune BT, Soda T, Gen ECTi, Sullivan PF, Zandi P. The Genomics of Electroconvulsive Therapy International Consortium (GenECT-ic). Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(10):e23.